Key Features:

• Low-profile design, 115 mm protrusion from ceiling and 200 mm diameter
• Professional-grade N-Type female connectors
• Available in white or black housing
• Customisation options for connector types and cable length
• 1-2 dBi omnidirectional gain

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Key Features:

• Ultra-low-profile design: 11 mm protrusion from ceiling
• SiSo configuration (single port)
• 2–3 dBi omnidirectional gain for consistent indoor coverage
• Plenum cable supporting low passive intermodulation for clean signal performance
• WLAN compatible (IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n)

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Key Features:

• 4×4 MIMO capability with four independent ports
• Wideband coverage: 600–6000 MHz
• Ultra-low profile design (23 mm height)
• Average gain of 5 dBi with peak performance up to 7.47 dBi

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Key Features:

• Two cables with N-Type female connectors
• Omnidirectional radiation pattern for uniform coverage
• Low-profile design for discreet ceiling integration
• Balanced performance for medium-density deployments
• Suitable for cost-effective MIMO upgrades

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Key Features:

• Optimised for 5G C-band (3300–4700 MHz)
• 4×4 MIMO support via four N-Female connectors
• ±45° slant polarisation for improved signal stability
• Directional radiation pattern for targeted coverage
• Rugged enclosure also suitable for indoor and outdoor use

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Key Features:

• Ultra-wideband coverage: 600–8000 MHz
• 4×4 MIMO capability for enhanced throughput
• Suitable for multi-operator and shared network deployments
• Directional pattern for controlled RF distribution
• Designed for both indoor and semi-outdoor applications

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Key Features:

• Up to 7.5 dBi gain for extended reach
• Wide beamwidth for effective area coverage
• High port isolation (12–28 dB) for efficient 2×2 MIMO
• Stable directional pattern for controlled coverage
• Supports combined cellular and Wi-Fi environments

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In practice, effective Distributed Antenna Systems design is rarely about choosing one antenna type over another. Ceiling-mounted omnidirectional antennas provide the primary coverage layer across the building, while directional panels are added selectively to address specific challenges. This layered approach ensures consistent performance throughout the space while allowing the network to adapt to more complex environments where additional control is needed.

Real-World Impact Across Industries

Commercial Offices – Lead DAS adoption driven by employee connectivity expectations. Modern offices generate enormous traffic from video conferences, cloud applications, and collaboration tools. DAS ensures robust connectivity in interior conference rooms, basements, and core areas.

Healthcare Facilities – Require DAS for telemedicine, mobile EHR access, patient monitoring, and staff communications. Complex architecture with concrete, steel, and X-ray shielding necessitates carefully engineered solutions for complete patient care area coverage.

Transport Infrastructure – Airports, railway stations, and underground systems combine massive user density with RF-hostile environments. Multi-operator neutral host architectures have become standard, enabling all carriers to share infrastructure.

Stadiums and Arenas – Face the ultimate stress test with tens of thousands of simultaneous users. Sophisticated DAS architectures with extensive antenna arrays and smart monitoring manage dramatic traffic swings between events.

Industrial Facilities – Rapidly adopt DAS for Industry 4.0, robotics, automated vehicles and real-time monitoring. Private 5G networks over DAS provide ultra-reliable low-latency connectivity for automation, with manufacturers achieving significant operational improvements.

 

Smart Building infographic illustrating the role of Siretta RF antennas in delivering end-to-end connectivity across DAS, building systems, security, and smart automation.

The Road Ahead

As demand for indoor connectivity continues to grow, the role of Distributed Antenna Systems is becoming increasingly central to modern network design. Higher frequency 5G spectrum, particularly in mid-band and mmWave, brings significant capacity gains but also introduces greater propagation challenges. This makes reliable in-building coverage not just desirable, but essential.

At the same time, expectations of what indoor networks must support are evolving. Beyond basic connectivity, organisations now rely on wireless infrastructure to enable smart building systems, real-time monitoring, automation, and data-driven decision making. From energy management and security to workplace optimisation and industrial operations, these applications depend on consistent, high-quality coverage throughout the environment.

This shift is changing how indoor connectivity is viewed. It is no longer treated as an extension of the outdoor network, but as a core part of the digital infrastructure that underpins building performance and user experience.

In this context, antenna selection remains a critical part of the overall system design. Ceiling-mounted omnidirectional antennas provide the foundation for consistent indoor coverage, while directional panels are used selectively to address more complex or high-demand areas. Together, they enable flexible, scalable deployments that can adapt to the specific requirements of each environment.

Siretta’s portfolio of Tango ceiling-mounted and Oscar panel antennas supports this approach, offering a range of solutions designed to meet the demands of modern indoor wireless networks. By combining wideband performance, flexible deployment options, and support for both cellular and wireless technologies, these antennas provide the building blocks for reliable, future-ready connectivity.

Ultimately, organisations that invest in robust indoor wireless infrastructure are better positioned to support productivity, efficiency, and innovation. As the volume of connected devices continues to grow and applications become more data-intensive, the importance of getting indoor connectivity right will only increase.

About Siretta

At Siretta, we understand the challenges involved in delivering reliable wireless connectivity and have developed our own antenna selector tool to help reduce time to market. Our portfolio includes cellular modems and terminals, routers, cellular network analysers, and a wide range of RF antennas, including MIMO solutions, as well as products supporting WLAN, LoRa, and Sigfox applications.

We also offer RF cable assemblies and accessories, with solutions typically covering frequencies from 400 MHz to 8 GHz, spanning HF, VHF, ISM, cellular, and GNSS bands.

If you have a project related to Distributed Antenna Systems that you need support with, or would like to discuss the best antenna solution for your deployment, get in touch with our sales team.

The post Distributed Antenna Systems: Powering Next-Gen Indoor Wireless with Advanced Antenna Solutions appeared first on Siretta Limited.

RF connectors are specially engineered to ensure optimal signal transmission by:

• Maintaining consistent impedance (usually 50 or 75 ohms), preventing signal reflection and standing waves.
• Minimising insertion loss, ensuring that signal strength is preserved along the transmission path.
• Providing excellent shielding, protecting sensitive signals from external EMI.
• Supporting high-frequency transmission, with minimal degradation or distortion.

Using non-RF connectors for RF signals often leads to signal distortion, higher return loss, and unreliable system performance. For this reason, it is essential to use purpose-built RF connectors and cables in all RF systems.

RF Connector Selection

RF connectors play a critical role in ensuring reliable signal transmission across high-frequency applications. Selecting the right connector is essential to maintain signal integrity, reduce losses, and ensure compatibility with system requirements.
This overview provides details on commonly used RF connectors, their frequency capabilities, and typical application scenarios — helping engineers and system designers choose the most suitable option for their design.

Connector Selection by Era, Frequency, and Application

When selecting an RF connector, consider the following:

Frequency Requirements

• Match the connector’s frequency rating to your application’s needs (e.g. 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi vs. 28 GHz mmWave).

Impedance

• Most systems require 50 Ω impedance. 75 Ω connectors are used in specific video and broadcast applications.
Environmental Conditions
• Use weatherproof connectors (e.g. N-Type) for outdoor or rugged environments.
Size Constraints
• Choose compact connectors (e.g. MMCX) for space-limited designs or embedded modules.
Coupling Mechanism
• Select based on handling and vibration tolerance:
• Threaded: SMA, TNC (secure but slower to connect)
• Snap-on: MMCX, SMB (quick, compact)
• Bayonet/Quick-lock: BNC, QMA (fast and reliable)

Summary

RF connectors are critical components in ensuring high-performance signal transmission across a wide range of applications, from traditional radio systems to advanced 5G and mmWave technologies. Selecting the appropriate connector type — based on frequency range, impedance, size, and coupling method — is essential for achieving optimal performance and long-term reliability.

Siretta offers a comprehensive range of RF connectors, adaptors, cable assemblies, and antenna solutions, designed to meet both legacy and next-generation RF requirements. Whether you’re developing systems for industrial IoT, telecommunications, automotive, or aerospace applications, Siretta combines technical expertise with a broad product offering to support all your connectivity needs.

The post Optimise Your RF Performance with the Right Connector Solution appeared first on Siretta Limited.

When deploying wireless systems—whether for industrial IoT, broadband, or remote monitoring—most attention goes to antennas, routers, and modems. But there’s one often-overlooked factor that can quietly undermine your entire setup: RF cable length and signal loss. In this article, we explain how cable length affects wireless performance and how to prevent signal degradation with best-practice installation.

What Happens When RF Cable Length Increases?

RF cables carry signals from devices to antennas. However, as the length of the cable increases, attenuation (signal loss) becomes inevitable. This means a weaker signal reaches your antenna or modem, leading to:

• Shorter effective range
• Slower data rates
• Intermittent or unstable connections

High-frequency signals are particularly vulnerable. For instance, at 2.4 GHz, a low-quality cable could lose up to 50% of signal strength over just a few meters.

Understanding Cable Loss (Attenuation)

Cable loss is measured in dB (decibels) per unit length. The higher the frequency or the longer the cable, the greater the loss. Key factors influencing attenuation include:

• Cable type and quality: Low-loss cables significantly outperform thinner, cheaper options.
• Frequency: Higher frequencies suffer greater losses.
• Environmental conditions: Heat, moisture, and physical wear increase loss over time.

A Quick Look at Coaxial Cable Structure

Coaxial cables are designed to transmit high-frequency signals with minimal loss and interference. Their structure includes several key layers:

A. Inner conductor – Typically made of copper or copper-clad steel, this central wire carries the RF signal.
B. Dielectric insulator – Surrounds the inner conductor to maintain spacing and reduce signal degradation.
C. Shielding – A metal foil and/or braided mesh that blocks external electromagnetic interference (EMI).
D. Outer jacket – A tough, weather-resistant coating that protects the cable from physical and environmental damage.

This layered design helps coaxial cables maintain signal integrity, especially when high-quality materials and proper installation methods are used.

Best Practices to Minimise Cable Loss

1. Choose the Right Cable Type

Select cables engineered for minimal attenuation. For high-frequency or long-distance applications, premium low-loss cables are a must.

2. Keep Cable Lengths as Short as Possible

Avoid excess cabling wherever possible. Every additional meter can eat into your signal strength, so plan installations carefully.

3. Use Quality Connectors and Proper Termination

Poorly installed or low-grade connectors introduce additional loss and reflections. Invest in good quality components and professional installation if necessary.

4. Protect Cables from Environmental Damage

Use UV-resistant and weatherproof cables for outdoor deployments. Even indoor cables benefit from proper routing and shielding to avoid mechanical stress and electromagnetic interference.

5. Test and Measure

Use RF testing equipment to verify cable performance after installation. Identifying issues early can save significant troubleshooting time later.

When to Use Cable Extenders or Amplifiers

If unavoidable long cable runs are required, consider using RF amplifiers or repeaters to boost the signal. Alternatively, repositioning equipment to reduce cable distance may be a better long-term solution.

Conclusion

Don’t let cabling be the weak link in your wireless infrastructure. By understanding how signal loss occurs and taking the right steps, you can maintain reliable, high-performance connectivity across your applications.

Need help choosing the right RF cable or connectors? Get in touch with Siretta for expert guidance and a wide range of high-spec connectivity solutions.

Have any questions? Please contact one of the Sales Team today sales@siretta.com

The post How Cable Length Affects Wireless Performance appeared first on Siretta Limited.

Polarization is a critical factor in RF antenna performance, especially in applications like GNSS, LTE/5G, LoRa, or Wi-Fi. In this guide, we’ll explain what antenna polarization is, why it matters, and how to match it correctly for your application.

What Is Antenna Polarization?

Antenna polarization refers to the orientation of the electric field of a radio wave as it travels through space. It defines how the electromagnetic wave is emitted or received by the antenna.

There are three types of polarization:

• Linear Polarization: The electric field oscillates in a straight line—either vertically or horizontally.
• Circular Polarization: The electric and magnetic fields rotate in a helical pattern. It can be RHCP (Right Hand Circular Polarization) or LHCP (Left Hand).
• Elliptical Polarization: A combination of linear and circular, forming an ellipse due to uneven amplitudes.

Why Polarization Matching Is Essential

Antennas work in pairs—transmitting and receiving. For maximum efficiency, their RF polarization must align. If one antenna is vertically polarized and the other is horizontal, signal strength may drop to near zero.

That’s because the electric fields are orthogonal, and the receiving antenna effectively “can’t see” the wave. This problem is surprisingly common in IoT, telemetry, and field-deployed systems.

Circularly polarized antennas help in scenarios where reflections, rotations, or shifting orientations can’t be avoided—like in satellite or drone communications.

Where Antenna Polarization Really Matters

Matching antenna polarization isn’t optional in these use cases—it’s critical to performance:

• GNSS (GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, BeiDou): Requires RHCP antennas to match the satellite signal.
• Cellular (GSM/UMTS/LTE/5G): Typically uses vertical linear polarization on base stations.
• LoRa and Sigfox: Also benefit from vertical polarization, especially in long-range applications.
• Wi-Fi and Bluetooth: Often use vertical or horizontal polarization depending on the device orientation.
• Satellite links: Use circular polarization to avoid signal degradation from movement or weather.

Modern Car GPS Antenna Installed on Vehicle Roofs.

How to Check Antenna Polarization in Siretta Products

Every Siretta antenna datasheet clearly lists the polarization under the Electrical Specifications section. Whether you’re choosing a vertically polarized cellular antenna or an RHCP GNSS model, you’ll find this vital info there.

We also include an orientation diagram in every datasheet, showing the antenna’s X, Y, and Z axes—so you can mount it correctly for optimal polarization alignment.

If you’re ever in doubt, our team is happy to help you confirm the correct antenna for your use case.

Tips to Avoid Polarization Pitfalls

• Don’t mix vertical and horizontal polarizations unless you’re using dual-polarized antennas.
• Don’t assume omnidirectional means omni-polarized—most still radiate in a specific polarization.
• Check for RHCP when selecting GNSS antennas.
• Look out for reflected signals in urban settings—circular polarization can help reduce interference.

Quick Guide: How to Match Antenna Polarization

1. Check the datasheet → Look for “Polarization” in Electrical Specs.
2. Check the application → GNSS = RHCP, LTE = Vertical Linear.
3. Check the orientation diagram → Align the Z-axis correctly.
4. Test if needed → Use tools like the Siretta SNYPER to optimize field performance.

Frequently Asked Questions

What happens if antenna polarization is mismatched?
Signal strength drops—often drastically. In some cases, nearly all signal energy is lost.

Is circular polarization better than linear?
It depends. Circular polarization is ideal where the antenna orientation may vary or reflect—such as with GNSS or satellite links.

How do I find out what polarization an antenna has?
Check the antenna’s datasheet. All Siretta datasheets clearly list the polarization type in the electrical specifications section.

Can I rotate a linearly polarized antenna without affecting performance?
No. Rotating a vertically polarized antenna to horizontal (or vice versa) can significantly reduce signal strength.

Don’t Let Polarization Undermine Your RF Design

Choosing the wrong polarization isn’t just a technical hiccup—it’s a performance killer. Make sure your antenna is aligned with your application, frequency, and environment.

✅ Check the datasheet
✅ Use the right polarization
✅ Match your antenna to the job

Browse Siretta’s Antenna Range here.

The post Antenna Polarization Explained – And Why It Could Make or Break Your RF Performance appeared first on Siretta Limited.

The Common Misconception

Customers often ask if they can connect two antennas to a single RF port using a T-piece adapter, believing it will:

• Enhance signal reception.
• Act as a workaround for systems with only one antenna port.
• Mimic the benefits of antenna diversity without additional hardware changes.

Unfortunately, combining two antennas in this way creates more problems than it solves.

Why It Doesn’t Work

Here’s why using a T-piece to combine two antennas can lead to subpar performance or even system failure:

Impedance Mismatch

Antennas are typically designed to have a 50 Ω impedance to match the input of the connected device. When two antennas are connected in parallel using a T-piece, the combined impedance drops to approximately 25 Ω.

This mismatch causes poor Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), leading to significant signal reflections, which degrade performance and reduce the effective power reaching the antenna.

Signal Interference

Two antennas receiving the same signal may have slight differences in phase, depending on their location and orientation. These differences can lead to constructive or destructive interference, reducing signal quality.

Instead of improving the signal, this often results in unpredictable performance.

Multipath Reflections

With two antennas connected through a T-piece, reflections caused by impedance mismatches are compounded. These multipath reflections can interfere with the main signal and further degrade the signal-to-noise ratio.

Potential Hardware Damage

In systems where the RF input/output pin may also act as a transmitter (e.g., cellular or IoT devices), severe mismatches caused by the T-piece setup could result in unwanted signals being reflected back into the transmitter. This can damage sensitive components over time.

What to Do Instead

If you’re looking to improve signal reception or manage devices with only one antenna port, here’s what we recommend:

Use a Single Antenna with the Right Specifications

For systems with only one RF port, it’s best to use a single antenna designed for the specific frequency bands and application. For example, the TANGO 44 is a robust solution that offers excellent performance for many applications.

Explore True Antenna Diversity

If you need diversity to improve reception in challenging RF environments, consider using a device with dedicated dual antenna inputs. For instance, Siretta’s ZETA modules can be configured with a diversity input, allowing proper implementation of two antennas without the issues caused by a T-piece.

Consult Our Team for Tailored Solutions

At Siretta, we understand that every application is unique. If you’re unsure about the best antenna setup for your system, our technical team is here to help. We can guide you in choosing the right antennas, cables, and configurations to ensure optimal performance.

While combining two antennas into one connection using a T-piece might seem like a quick fix, the reality is far from ideal. Impedance mismatches, interference, and signal degradation are just some of the issues you might face. To achieve reliable and efficient signal performance, it’s crucial to select the right hardware for your specific needs.

Whether you’re in sales, development, or installation, understanding these principles can save time, reduce troubleshooting, and ensure your customers experience the best possible performance from their systems.

For more advice on selecting antennas or implementing diversity solutions, feel free to reach out to our experts at Siretta. We’re here to make your connectivity challenges a thing of the past.

Contact Us Today!
📞 +44 118 976 9000
📧 sales@siretta.com

The post Combining Two Antennas into One Connection – A Common Misconception appeared first on Siretta Limited.

This application note is applicable to any Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC) antenna from Siretta’s range of antennas.

At the time of publication, the following FPC antennas are available:

Objective

FPC antennas bring designers the benefits of being able to be bent to fit into available space within an enclosure, as well as having an extremely low profile and little weight. However, to be able to realise the data sheet specification of these antennas, it is important to instal them correctly.

The objective of this application note is to explain how to correctly instal an FPC antenna in an application without damaging it, while obtaining the best radio performance.

Solution

Background

An FPC antenna is made from a copper foil (forming the active radio part of the antenna) glued to a sheet of polyimide film. This results in a bendable antenna that is less than 0.15 mm thick. The polyimide film gives the antenna strength, preventing the copper foil from being damaged, while still retaining flexibility. Polyimide film is also a good electrical insulator, chemically stable, and does not attenuate radio signals.

The FPC antenna ships with adhesive transfer tape pre-applied to the antenna. The tape uses 3M low surface energy acrylic adhesive 300LSE which may be used to attach the antenna to many hard to bond materials such as polypropylene, polycarbonate and ABS plastic.

The antennas may be available with U.FL or MHF4 connectors. This is an ordering option. MHF4 is the latest RF connector and is slightly smaller than the U.FL connector. Generally, MHF4 is used for 5G applications and U.FL with older radio standards such as WiFi, GSM, UMTS and LTE.

Antenna Placement

FPC antennas do not require an external ground plane to work, and so are ground plane independent.

However, being ground plane independent does not mean that it is wise to place an FPC antenna close to a ground plane or other large metal surface. The ground plane will block the radio signal to/from the antenna. Most printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) contain ground planes, so in general it is wise to consider this. Place the antenna so that the PCB and any other metal objects in the path that the radio signals need to take to establish a radio link is minimised.

PCBs can also contain processors and high-speed clock lines. Again, it is advisable to keep the antenna separated from these potential sources of interference.

So, what is the recommended separation between FPC antenna and ground planes/large metal surfaces? There is no right answer to this question as it depends on many factors. However, Siretta suggests that 20 – 25 mm should be the minimum distance when the FPC antenna is co-planer to the PCB.

Another consideration for antenna placement is the polarisation of the antenna. Most modern radio data systems such as cellular, WiFi and IEEE802.15.4 expect to use vertical polarisation. Polarisation of the antennas at each end of the radio link ideally should be matched, and so the expectation is that the FPC antenna should be mounted in the vertically polarised position. However, in practice there are likely to be many reflection paths between both ends of the radio link. This will provide cross-polarization and make the antenna orientation somewhat irrelevant unless there is a clear line of sight between both ends of the radio link that has few reflection paths (such as a radio link across a field). Please read the Siretta Antennas 101 eBook to understand more about polarisation. To be vertically polarized, the antenna Z plane should point up to the sky.

Mounting surface

The main consideration for the mounting surface is that it is transparent to radio waves and will not reflect or absorb them. This generally means avoiding metals and other materials that are electrically conductive or magnetically permeable (since radio waves are electro-magnetic waves). Plastics, of any type, are generally good choices unless they are glass filled or coated with metallic paint.

The mounting surface can be flat but doesn’t have to be. One of the benefits of a FPC antenna is that it can be bent and mounted on curved surfaces. It is recommended that the bend radius be not less than 100 mm as otherwise excessive strain will be placed on the epoxy adhesive used in the construction of the antenna. Sirettas FPC antennas are characterised and tested on both flat and curved surfaces to ensure that the antenna meets expectations no mater how it is mounted.

Cable Management

The integrated 1.13 mm coaxial cable is part of the antenna and needs to be routed to the mating connector in a way that minimises noise interference. Do this by trying to keep it over grounded areas and avoiding high rf emission parts of the product such as processors, high speed clock lines and display drivers. Any bends in the cable should have a bend radius (90 degree bend) of no less than 9.1 mm otherwise the VSWR/Return Loss specification could be compromised.

At the mating connector, the cable should run flat along the PCB so that there is no leverage stress applied to the connector which could damage the connector and break the connection. If necessary, it is suggested that some hot melt glue be applied to the cable to attach it to the PCB to provide stress relief.

I-PEX MHF I and MHF 4 connectors

The I-PEX MHF I connector is also known as (and will mate with) Hirose U.FL, Amphenol AMC and Sunridge MCB connectors. The I-PEX MHF 4 connector is also known as (and will mate with) Murata HSC connectors.

These connectors may be attached either by hand, or by using an attachment tool designed for the purpose.
I-PEX attachment tool part numbers are:

I-PEX 90435-001 (MHF4)
I-PEX 90224-0001 MHF I

Please refer to documentation from I-PEX for the correct way to use these tools. If attaching by hand, please follow these instructions:

Instructions for mounting I-PEX MHF I and MHF 4 connectors (by hand)

Using the adhesive tape to bond the antenna to a surface

The ideal temperature at which to bond the FPC antenna to a surface is 20°C to 38°C. At this temperature the adhesive will have a very high initial adhesion. The bond strength will increase with time and temperature artier the antenna has been applied to a surface.

For the best bond strength, the surface to which the antenna is being attached should be dry, clean and well unified. If cleaning is required, use a cleaning solvent such as isopropyl alcohol.

Application below 10°C is not recommended since the adhesive becomes too firm to adhere readily. However, once properly applied, the adhesive will work satisfactorily at low temperatures.

Environmental

Each FPC antenna data sheet includes the operational temperature range for the antenna. These need to be respected as otherwise the bond to the surface on which the antenna is mounted could fail, especially if it is mounted on a curved surface.

Contact with solvents which could degrade the bonds of the adhesives used both in the antenna manufacture and to attach the antennas should be avoided.

Demonstration of Solution

Disclaimers and Waivers

Safety Disclaimer: The installation of this antenna should be carried out in accordance with local safety regulations. The manufacturer is not responsible for damages or injuries resulting from improper installation or use.

Professional Recommendation: For optimal performance and safety, we recommend installation by a qualified professional. Improper installation may void the warranty and could lead to poor performance or safety hazards.

Compliance Statement: Ensure compliance with all local building codes and electrical safety standards. The manufacturer is not liable for any violations of such regulations.

General/Ongoing Maintenance: Regular maintenance checks are essential for sustained performance and safety. Failure to conduct these checks could result in unexpected performance issues and safety risks.

Installation Confirmation: Upon installation, it is the responsibility of the installer to ensure that the antenna is securely mounted and functioning as intended. The manufacturer is not liable for issues arising from installation errors or oversights.

Additional Reading

The post How to Install and Use The Siretta ECHO FPC Antenna Range appeared first on Siretta Limited.

Achieving consistent connectivity, however, depends on more than just the internal technology. A poorly installed antenna can result in dropped signals and slower performance. Proper antenna installation is key to ensuring reliable, uninterrupted service in demanding public environments.

The Pitfalls of Improper Installation

Improperly installed antennas—such as loose magnetic mounts or easily damaged whip antennas—are a common problem in public-facing IoT systems. These setups not only invite vandalism but also weaken signal quality, leading to transaction delays and inconsistent performance. Without careful attention to installation, even the best devices can fail to deliver the seamless experience users expect.

top view of public smart parcel locker with improperly moutned antennas

Why Secure Mounting Matters

Whether you’re deploying a vending machine, smart parcel locker, or parking meter, the way you mount the antenna directly impacts its performance. Through-hole mounted antennas offer superior stability compared to magnetic mounts, reducing the risk of damage and ensuring your devices maintain a strong connection. A solid mounting approach not only protects the antenna from tampering but also guarantees consistent, long-term performance.

Custom RF Solutions for Enhanced Performance

Every public-facing IoT application has specific connectivity needs. Off-the-shelf antennas often fall short when precision is required. Siretta’s bespoke RF antenna solutions are tailored to the unique demands of your project. Whether it’s optimising cable length to minimise signal loss, customising the connector—such as using a right-angle version to prevent cable bending and further signal degradation—or deploying wide band, omni-directional antennas for strong connections in various environments, our solutions ensure reliable performance.

Reliable Connectivity Across Diverse Environments

From EV charging bays to smart ticketing machines and even digital signage, public IoT systems need dependable connectivity in both urban and remote locations. Siretta’s wide band omni-directional antennas adapt to any network—whether 5G NR, 4G LTE, or Wi-Fi—ensuring that your devices consistently connect to the strongest available signal.

The Tango 44 antenna is an excellent example of a securely mounted, IP67-rated wide band omni-directional antenna, which has been successfully deployed in various public-facing IIoT applications. To ensure optimal installation, we provide a detailed guide covering everything from the required tools to the correct torque specifications for secure mounting, ensuring reliable performance in any environment.

Accessible Custom Solutions

Custom solutions don’t have to come with high costs. At Siretta, we offer low minimum order quantities starting at 100 units, making it possible for businesses of any size to access tailored RF solutions. Whether you’re managing a small fleet of vending machines or rolling out a large-scale deployment of smart kiosks, we provide cost-effective solutions that meet your needs.

Future-Proof Your Connectivity

As IoT systems grow, so do the demands for high-performance connectivity. Choosing custom RF solutions today not only solves immediate challenges but also prepares your devices for future IoT expansion.

Ready to enhance your public-facing IoT systems with reliable, customised RF solutions? Contact Siretta today at sales@siretta.com to design a solution that ensures robust and secure connectivity for years to come.

The post Optimising Antenna Installation for Public-Facing IoT appeared first on Siretta Limited.

• 5 Billion people are forecast to be accessing the internet via mobile devices by 2025
• 5G coverage will roll out rapidly to cover 40 per cent of the global population by 2025
• 5G will account for almost 1 in 7 connections (14 per cent) by 2025
• The global penetration rate for all mobile connections will reach 110 per cent worldwide by 2025
• 9 Billion mobile connections by 2025
• 5.9 Billion unique subscribers in 2025
• 25 Billion Internet of Things devices globally by 2025 (11.4 Billion Consumer IoT (internet of things) devices & 13.7 Billion Industrial IoT devices in 2025)
• Global Mobile Annual Revenue of $1.1 Trillion in 2025

Source: Mobile World Congress Daily, GSMA Intelligence. 1 March 2018

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specification calls for operability in both static and mobile locations with data rates of one gigabit and above. Mobile devices come into two main categories: Those that are stationary or moving at low speeds typically up to 15km/h and those that have the potential to move at higher speeds such as public and private transport, here speeds up to 500km/hr may be required. To achieve these use cases and deliver high-speed data and video, the specification accommodates multipath signals.

MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output) antenna systems continue to play a key role, by using Spatial Multiplexing and Spatial Diversity to achieve better signal strength. MIMO antenna systems help mitigate the multipath effects such as fading which otherwise occur in a SISO (Single In Single Out) antenna system.

MIMO antenna systems are more productive if the multiple channels used by multiple antennas are highly uncorrelated from each other. With MIMO you get multiple independent channels due to the multipath propagation. In this case, one channel could be in direct line of sight, and one could bounce from an adjacent building. If the channels are sufficiently independent, different data can be sent down each channel giving greater throughput than if you had just one path, the more antennas you have at both ends, the more independent channels can be accessed and utilised.

In dense locations, LTE base stations on tall buildings will naturally encounter multipath transmissions and as buildings and objects absorb and reflect the transmitted signals, long and short paths are generated.

Types of Multipath MIMO

There are two types of Multipath MIMO antennas with advantages and disadvantages and their own specific applications.

Single-user multi-antenna MIMO is one device, either static or mobile, connected by multiple antennas to a multi-antenna base station or access point. This enables multiple streams of data over various connection paths simultaneously providing reduced errors and faster connections by combining results over the multiple paths.

Multi-user multi-antenna MIMO consists of several devices using multiple antennas, in this case, many devices can utilise the multiple paths to connect to many other devices. A typical application could be a vehicle-to-vehicle communication system offering multi-user communications.

Advantages and Disadvantages:

Single-user multi-antenna – A single user cannot send multiple signals to multiple targets simultaneously; it utilises all its MIMO functions for one target or connected point and then moves to the next and this is described as successive connection. This method is ideal for reducing the interference from scatter or fading due to buildings or obstacles by combining the data from several streams and eliminating the errors. In lower noise environments this method can be used to increase data throughput by dividing the data across several streams in the method of Beam Forming.

Guiding the direction of the RF signal allows you to control the signal propagating phase over multiple antennas. The RF energy is focused on a single user boosting the signal to noise ratio wherever the user is located. By using this method, network buffering is minimised, potential data transmission speed is enhanced, it breaks up the network bandwidth and allows high speed downstream (broadcaster to client).

Using multiple signal paths for processing enables Beam Forming to focus the transmission towards a specific target or user, increasing range and reliability while reducing interference effects. It provides a method of BER (Bit Error Rate) correction by utilising advanced algorithms over multiple signals optimising the transmission paths.

Multi-user multi-antennas – Multiple devices communicate with multiple users or other access points enabling a true multi-user network experience. This approach shares the available bandwidth across the devices and access points and is called simultaneous communication. Simultaneous communication enables cMIMO (cooperative MIMO) a form of cooperative communication system. By grouping wireless devices together, they can operate as virtual multi-antenna end points, boosting throughout and giving expanded network coverage to all its connected clients.

The major disadvantage of multi-user MIMO and true multi-user communication is focussed on the cost of complicated and expensive signal processing. It is significantly more expensive to implement and operate when compared to single-user MIMO. In addition, more complex signal processing equates to higher power consumption and modern requirements dictate lower power operation and not all devices today are compatible.

Diversity and Reliability

Antenna Diversity in MIMO also known as Spatial Diversity is a process used to overcome multipath signal fading to improve radio link reliability. The more antennas the better the ability to receive signals from different directions and orientations, meaning better signal spread no matter the quality of signal or noise content providing a more reliable and robust connection. The antennas need to be independent, have good isolation and operate different radiation patterns and as previously mentioned they need to be uncorrelated. The standard measure is referred to as the ECC (Envelope Correlation Coefficient), if paths and performance overlap the overall system performance degrades significantly.

There are three types of antenna diversity available in MIMO systems, the objective being to get as many antennas as possible into the smallest space possible without interaction.

1. Frequency Diversity: The signal is transmitted over two carrier frequencies, spaced ∆f such that each signal is on a different frequency.

2. Time Diversity: The same signal is re-transmitted with a delay ∆t such that each signal operates a different time.

3. Spatial Diversity: RX and TX have multiple antennas, spaced (x) meters apart and in alternate polarisations such that the signal travels via a different spatial direction.

Comparison of Gains

• Time/Frequency diversity
o Frequency or time are sacrificed
o No antenna array gain
o Average receive signal to noise ratio remains constant for all channels

• Spatial diversity
o No additional bandwidth available
o Increase in average signal to noise is possible
o Additional array gain is possible

Conclusions

In conclusion we see that multipath transmissions can cause signal problems, yet when used correctly in your design can achieve much improved reliability and both improved data throughput and higher connection rates. Multiple antennas offer a receiver several observations of the same signal. Each antenna will experience a different interference environment. Thus, if one antenna is experiencing a deep fade, it is likely that another has a sufficient boosted signal. Collectively such a system can provide a robust link.
Antenna diversity schemes require additional hardware and integration costs versus a single antenna system however, modern devices support the ability to offer MIMO with minimal increase in cost to non-MIMO systems. Multiple signals require greater processing in the receiver, which can lead to more complex processing requirements and therefore higher power consumption. With signal reliability being a key factor in today’s real time applications, the use of multiple antennas is an effective way to improve overall system performance and provide a superior solution.

Siretta understand the challenges faced and have developed their own Antenna Selector Tool –  www.siretta.com/products/antennas/antenna-selector/ to reduce time to market. Our portfolio includes cellular modems & terminals, routers, cellular network analysers, RF antennas including MIMO antennas and solutions for WLAN, LoRa and Sigfox. We offer RF cable assemblies and RF accessories. Frequencies are typically within the 75MHz – 5.8GHz range covering the HF, VHF, ISM, Cellular, GNSS frequencies.

We also offer bespoke customer solutions, and our design services are supported by an experienced team of dedicated development & application engineers as well as software specialists offering complete end to end solutions with a heavy emphasis on high level system design.

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History of Wi-Fi: The Early Stages

The concept of wireless communication is not a modern-day novelty. The seeds were sown in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with innovators like Nikola Tesla, the pioneer of wireless energy transmission, the Inventor of Radio’ Guglielmo Marconi, and Hedy Lamarr, the co-inventor of frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology. These figures pioneered efforts in wireless transmission, however the journey of what we now recognise as Wi-Fi began much later.

During the 1970s and 1980s, the increasing adoption of computers in homes and businesses highlighted a significant challenge: the restrictions of wired connectivity. While wired networks were reliable, they lacked the flexibility required for diverse environments. Setting up networks meant managing extensive cables, dealing with restricted mobility, and incurring high installation costs. The industry needed a solution that combined the reliability of wired networks with the adaptability of wireless communication.

Researchers worldwide began exploring ways to develop a wireless protocol that offered the stability of wired systems without their physical constraints. Numerous initiatives aimed to improve processes from retail checkouts to warehouse inventory management. A pivotal moment came in 1985 when the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designated the 2.4 GHz band for unlicensed use. This opened up opportunities for innovation in wireless communications.

By the late 1990s, the efforts to create consistent wireless technologies led to the establishment of the IEEE 802.11 working group. In 1997, they introduced the IEEE 802.11 standard, operating at 2 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band. This standard, later referred to as “Wi-Fi 1” for consumers, represented a significant step in wireless communication evolution.

The introduction of Wi-Fi offered tangible solutions to the challenges previously faced by both domestic and industrial sectors. While users in homes could seamlessly connect multiple devices without the clutter of wires, businesses experienced increased operational efficiency. Workspaces, from offices to industrial warehouses, gained the ability to deploy machinery, sensors, and workstations without being constrained by fixed network points. Cafes and public spaces became connectivity hubs, but equally, factories and logistics centres benefited from real-time inventory management and improved automation processes. This shift underscored Wi-Fi’s transformative potential across diverse environments and applications.

Understanding the dual naming, like ‘802.11’ and ‘Wi-Fi 1’, is straightforward. The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) standard represents the technical specification, detailing the protocols and technologies in use. On the other hand, the Wi-Fi Alliance, a non-profit organization promoting Wi-Fi technology and certifying products, introduced user-friendly names to simplify identification for consumers. Hence, while ‘802.11’ is the technical standard, ‘Wi-Fi 1’ serves as its more approachable counterpart.

Wi-Fi’s Evolution: From Wi-Fi 2 to Wi-Fi 5 and the Antenna Journey

As the initial groundwork of Wi-Fi 1 set the stage, the subsequent versions aimed to address its limitations, pushing the boundaries of speed, range, and reliability.

Wi-Fi 2, technically termed IEEE 802.11b, arrived in 1999, still operating in the 2.4 GHz frequency but boasting speeds up to 11 Mbps. This increase was significant for its time, offering users the possibility to stream audio and video more smoothly. With the greater speeds, antenna design had to evolve.
Engineers began focusing on diversity techniques, using multiple antennas to improve reception and
transmission reliability.

The world of Wi-Fi took another leap in 2003 with the introduction of Wi-Fi 3 or IEEE 802.11g. Retaining the 2.4 GHz frequency, it astoundingly ramped up speeds to 54 Mbps, adapting the OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) technique. This move wasn’t just about speed; it was about making Wi-Fi more robust against interference. On the antenna front, designs began incorporating MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) technology, a transformative move allowing multiple data streams to be sent or received simultaneously.

However, as the 2.4 GHz band became crowded, there was a push to exploit the less congested 5 GHz band, leading to the birth of Wi-Fi 4, known technically as IEEE 802.11n, in 2009. It offered dual-band capabilities, operating both in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, and speeds reached up to a whopping 600 Mbps with the introduction of wider channel bandwidths. This transition to the dual-band operation compelled antenna designs to be more versatile, supporting both frequency bands seamlessly.

Fast forward to 2014, and the world witnessed the advent of Wi-Fi 5, IEEE’s 802.11ac standard. Exclusively using the 5 GHz band, it promised gigabit speeds, touching up to 1.3 Gbps. Beamforming became a highlight feature, allowing Wi-Fi signals to be directed towards specific devices rather than broadcasting in all directions. Antennas became more sophisticated, with designs focusing on efficiency and the capability to pinpoint devices to strengthen signal quality.

Wi-Fi 6: The Pinnacle of Wireless Connectivity

As the digital world braced itself for the next wave of wireless innovation, 2019 heralded the arrival of Wi-Fi 6, technically termed IEEE 802.11ax. Beyond just an incremental upgrade, Wi-Fi 6 was a transformative shift in wireless technology.

At its core, Wi-Fi 6 was designed to address the modern challenges of connectivity. With an increasing number of devices connecting to networks, from smart thermostats to virtual reality headsets and perhaps most notably, a whole host of IoT devices (both industrial and commercial) there was a pressing need for a Wi-Fi standard that could cater to higher densities while ensuring individual devices enjoyed optimal performance.

OFDMA, or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access, was a pivotal feature in this context. By allowing multiple devices with varying data needs to be served simultaneously, Wi-Fi 6 could effectively juggle a myriad of devices, ensuring efficient bandwidth allocation and reduced latency.

Another significant advancement was the Target Wake Time (TWT). With TWT, devices could negotiate when they’d wake up to receive or send data. This seemingly simple scheduling adjustment was a boon for battery-operated IoT devices, significantly extending their operational life.

BSS Color was introduced as a mechanism to differentiate between overlapping networks. By assigning a ‘color’ to each network, devices could quickly identify and reduce interference, leading to a more stable and faster connection.

MIMO technology, which had been part of the Wi-Fi landscape since Wi-Fi 3, received an upgrade with MU-MIMO (Multi-User, Multiple Input, Multiple Output). Now, an even larger number of devices could simultaneously send and receive data, enhancing throughput and overall network efficiency.

To further boost speeds, 1024-QAM (1024 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) was integrated. This encoding mechanism allowed for more data to be packed into the same spectrum, pushing data rates higher than ever before.

Wi-Fi antennas did not undergo drastic physical changes from Wi-Fi 5 to Wi-Fi 6, but their functionality significantly evolved. Wi-Fi 6 antennas are designed to better support enhanced features like uplink and downlink MU-MIMO and handle more spatial streams, which allows for more efficient communication with multiple devices simultaneously. Although the antennas still operate across the same frequency bands, the internal hardware will have been refined to accommodate higher frequencies and increased performance demands, with improvements in manufacturing precision, materials, and designs that reduce interference and improve signal directionality.

The synergy between Wi-Fi 6’s features and the evolved antenna designs laid the foundation for a wireless experience that was faster, more reliable, and more efficient. It wasn’t just about connecting devices; it was about redefining what those connections could achieve.

Wi-Fi 6E: Bridging the Gap and Expanding Horizons

While Wi-Fi 6 marked a transformative phase in wireless communication, the ecosystem acknowledged a growing need for more spectrum space, especially given the proliferation of devices and the expanding IoT landscape. Enter Wi-Fi 6E – an enhancement of Wi-Fi 6, expanding its horizons into the 6 GHz band.

The significance of Wi-Fi 6E cannot be overstated. By introducing the 6 GHz band into the fold, Wi-Fi 6E effectively tripled the available spectrum space. This was a monumental leap, addressing challenges posed by congestion in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. The result? A cleaner, broader highway for data traffic, paving the way for higher-bandwidth applications and more simultaneous device connections, with reduced interference.

For end-users, Wi-Fi 6E promised faster speeds, lower latencies, and a more responsive wireless experience, especially in areas dense with Wi-Fi networks, such as apartment buildings or commercial zones.

From an antenna design perspective, Wi-Fi 6E presented its set of challenges and opportunities. The introduction of the 6 GHz band meant antennas had to be recalibrated and refined to operate efficiently within this frequency, ensuring the signal integrity remained uncompromised. The increased spectrum also provided RF engineers with the flexibility to design antennas that could manage multiple bands concurrently, offering versatility in application and performance.

Wi-Fi 7 and Beyond: Envisioning the Future of Wireless Technology

As the wireless landscape continuously evolves, the quest for faster, more efficient, and more reliable connectivity remains unceasing. While Wi-Fi 6 and 6E marked significant milestones in addressing contemporary challenges, the horizon is already lighting up with the promise of Wi-Fi 7.

Technically termed IEEE 802.11be, Wi-Fi 7 is poised to be a game-changer. Its projected features suggest not just an enhancement of existing capabilities but also the introduction of functionalities that could redefine wireless communication. With expectations of speeds reaching a staggering 30 Gbps, Wi-Fi 7 is all set to cater to next-gen applications like augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and ultra-high-definition streaming.

One of the standout features anticipated is Real-time Traffic Management, designed to automatically prioritise latency-sensitive data, such as gaming or video calls. This ensures a seamless experience even in high-traffic environments. Another is Multi-Link Operation, allowing devices to connect to multiple APs simultaneously. This capability ensures optimal utilisation of available resources, boosting both speed and reliability.

Beyond just individual user benefits, Wi-Fi 7 will play a pivotal role in emerging technologies and paradigms. Whether it’s the smart cities of the future, teeming with interconnected devices, or advanced industrial automation relying on real-time data transfer, Wi-Fi 7 stands to be at the heart of these revolutions.

As we stand on the cusp of this new era, one thing is evident: the journey of Wi-Fi, from its humble beginnings to the cutting-edge advancements on the horizon, is a testament to human ingenuity and the relentless pursuit of progress. And as we look beyond Wi-Fi 7, the possibilities seem limitless, limited only by our imagination.

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• Directional antennas effectively cover an angular sector of space in which the desired cellular signals will be received. This sector can cover anywhere up to 50 to 60 degrees depending on the antenna’s gain. This provides a bit of scope when trying to set up, meaning that accuracy does not necessarily come down to “surgical” levels, so long as you are in the receiving sector.

• A 360 degree sweep with a suitable cellular signal analyser and directional antenna (Yagi style) should be undertaken to understand where the best signals are or where they are for your SIM provider. The antenna can be linked to the SNYPER in LiveSCAN mode at the time of installation, allowing the received signal strength to be measured in real time and allowing the antenna to be moved around to locate the ideal position for optimal reception.

• In this time of vast cellular activity, it is easy to think that you can just put an antenna anywhere once the direction is understood. However, there are still basic pitfalls to avoid and some good practice to employ. For instance, avoiding obvious obstacles in very close proximity to the antenna e.g. buildings, walls which will compromise or block the signals you want to receive.

• Mounting on rooftops of buildings is therefore seen as the obvious choice, but optimum signal strength can be gained by ensuring it is at the edge of the building pointing closest to the base station. E.g. if the base-station you wish to align with is an easterly direction, then the antenna should be mounted on the East side of the building at a suitable or highest height. The antenna should be mounted so that it is vertical.

• Be careful to avoid the situation where the nearest base station is taken as being the base station to align with. It may be that the nearest base station has antennas that are pointing away from your location, rather than towards it, or that there are numerous obstacles in the way. Therefore, it may be that the strongest cellular signal you require is coming from a base station further away.

Siretta has a selection of excellent directional antennas available which cover a range of frequencies with different levels of gain and directionality. Our Oscar20A is a great choice for when point-to-point links are the only viable option to connect your equipment with a single cell site and is already proven in many LPWAN, cellular and Wi-Fi applications around the world. Check out the datasheet here to learn more about this outstanding antenna and how it can enhance your application.

The post Some tips on getting the best possible signal out of your application  appeared first on Siretta Limited.